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History of Astronomy

It was one of the factors that helped in reaching the basics of modern astronomy and its results that are currently understood by us by applying theoretical physics data with practical observations. Albert Einstein formulated the general theory of relativity in 1915 AD. Scientists believed that the universe is stable and stable, with no beginning or end. But in 1916 AD, Einstein discovered through his equations that the universe is not fixed and that it either expands or shrinks. Given the belief at that time that the universe is fixed, Einstein added to his equations of the cosmological constant, thus resulting in a stable and stable universe within space-time. Einstein of the field, describing a universe known as the Friedman-Lumetric-Robertson-Walker metric that is subject to expansion or contraction.

In 1910 AD, Festo Sleeper (and later Karl Wilhelm Wirtz) tried to explain the phenomenon of redshift in the spectra of elliptical galaxies, which would later be interpreted as moving away from the Earth, but determining the distance of the galaxies at that time was difficult. One of those methods was to compare the physical size of the celestial body with its angular size, but it is assumed that the physical size comes in the real size. Another method was based on measuring the brightness of the celestial nebulae and assuming an intrinsic brightness through which the distance of the nebula could be calculated according to the inverse law of the distance square. Given the difficulty of applying these methods, it was not possible to know that the nebulae were in fact outside the Milky Way.

In 1927, the Belgian priest and astronomer, George Luther, based on the Friedman-Lummer-Robertson-Walker equations, proposed, on the basis of elliptical nebulae circular motion, that the universe had started with an "explosion" and it was then called the Big Bang.

Then, in 1929, Edwin Hubble made observations with a telescope that he made on the elliptical nebulae, and by referring to the Lometer theory, which showed that the elliptical nebulae are nothing but distant galaxies outside the galaxy, he determined their distance by measuring the brightness of the variable stars.

Hubble discovered a relationship between the redshift of a galaxy and its distance from us. This is explained by the fact that the galaxies are moving away from us in all directions and that their speed increases the greater the distance the galaxy is under observation from the Earth. This relationship is now called Hubble's law, although the Hubble parameter, which expresses the velocity of departure and the distance, which it estimated is much more than the rate we have reached now, due to its lack of knowledge at the time of the differences between the Cepheid variables.

Knowing the cosmic principle, Hubble's law shows that the universe is expanding, and there were two primary explanations for that expansion

The first explanation is consistent with Lometer's theory of the Big Bang, which was also supported by George Gamov.

The other explanation for astronomer Fred Hoyle is the stable, steady state of the universe, with new matter forming when galaxies diverge from each other. According to that model, any part of the universe is the same at any given time.